Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600380055-9 r ~ CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORI CLASSIFICATION CONFIDEN.'IAL ,~,0'~FIUt~91 ~~~ INFORMATION FROM FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO. COUNTRY USSR SUBJECT Scientific - Medicine veterinary HOW PUBLISHED Monthly periodical WHERE PUBLISHED Moscow DATE PUBLISHED Oct 1950 LANGUAGE Russian TNIS DOCUY[NT CONTAINS INTO[YATION A11[OTINS TN[ NATIONAL Ol1[N/t 01 TN[ UMITtD fTATl3 MITNIN TM? NlANINO~ 01 [3-IONAS[ ACT t0 Y. 6. C.. 11 AND 3[. AS AY[NDlO. IT! TAANlYISSION ON TNl l[YtLAT10N Of 173 CONT[NTf IN ANT YANNIN TO AN UNAUTNOAItID I[NSON IS IAO? NIIITtD It LAIT. Nt MODYCIION 01 TNIS IONY IS INONIl1Tl0. DATE OF INFORMATION 1950 DATE DIST. ~,~ Feb 1951 NO. bF PAGES ~+ SUPPLEMENT TO REPORT NO. THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION Veterinariya, Voi xav1l, n6 iv, 1950, pp 1-13. ApPLICATI0ft3 OF PAVIAV ? S TEACHIlQG Ift VE1'ERII~IARY Sr,ffi~CE t I r 4 I +~ ~. -,..~.:.Y>?..,ru.~.il~~ z: ?e-k:. SIC.{,: ..w,1u.1 _=,~+S+~e,.J[ ['w z,w,..1w:i wffa7l:i~aWk~. ~J ~"~iv Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600380055-9 ~A digestJ The moat recent scientific meeting of the Academy of Sciences USSR held `ii.th the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR was devoted to problems of I. P. Pav- lov a physiological teaching. This meeting has shown that further development of Pavlov's physiological theory on the basis of the theoryr of evolution and Michurln's principles of biology are~not proceeding quite smoothly. Pavlov's theory concerning the materiRlistic basis of consciouanESS has inflicted s heavy blow on the rea?tioaar?y idealism favored by bourgeois. scien- tist~ of America and Western L~urope. Nevertheless, the fight against bourgeois theories which Pavlov carried. on has not been pursued to an adequate extent since his time. Ae far as Yurther scientific utilization of Pavlov's inheritance is 'concerned, considerable shortcomings exist in the work of veterinary higher edu- cational institutions and those.specializiag in animal husbandry. Many leading veterinary texts contain outlived remnants of Virchov's cel: lular"theory. Thua, ft. I. Shokhor in his textbook (1947 edition) describes in- fla~m;tion ns a purely local process and disregards the effect of the nervous system on the appearance of inf].+emu-atioz. Ha states that disease, as a rule, is transmitted by internal contact with affectecT parts, by contact with exu- dates, or metastatically, and only is cT:rtaln cases (rabies, tetanus, leprosy) prepagatee along the nerves. Professors K. G. Bol' sad B.JK. Bol' in their Fundamentals of the Patho- logical Anatomy bf Domestic Animals (1948) atate~ t tumors gran independently, are not included in the general system of tissue growth and regulation of func- tions and metabolism by the organism or individual organs;. and lack aqy fi~etional significance. The influence on tumor growth of bitie w~aou , organism;~ana'+oz3nwee~:" aer~ous? ay~t~q~,~:a,~astttcuL~,~ #fEWii~us? dented;..rl'T1~3uanthorsl~di~xdgaa'~ thal'rt3ork~u~~~y ~plov 1 s ? pup111~Pe~troT,a, ,;~~ ~agtellliira)~d by r the: autopsy. ot~doga ,wfii.ch~ ~+ beeai~c- PmP_Qd;tO,~l3eiifC9u4:t18tratiac~@1'~.;L~'ONtht 0~~t1mDr~~rCattlbed?frdd'l]i~1/dltY~YY1t~15~ti~Ye Petrova's,rCaul#.$ipr0.vae that ?the;fiatTfib~tSmulus'~' in3.b~Rti~Ltl-eigcnwtih~IbYil-l~ti~'- coaes Pram the lsrrai~ cortex. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600380055-9 ?'i CO~F~~FN~~~~ The same applies to the theory of inflammation as expoundedliyl3al'andBol!, These authors pay no attention.to SpCrarnskiy's its onthe pR.rt xMch;the~s~srvous .sys- tem plays in inflammation, but discuss this process from the Y1eMpcaLr~ of Vir- chow's organomorphological theory. The problems of regeneration, atrophy, etc., are treated from the same standpoint, while the nature of the pathological proc- ess is discussed from an entirely faulty viexpolA~.. On page 22 of their book, the authors state that the difference between pathological processes and normal ones consists in the fact that in,jureG. cells and tissues acquire distinct pro- perties, and, that the processes taking place in these cells and tissues proceed at an excessively heightened or lowered rate and, furthermore, are disturbed as tc time. and place. It would follow from this that the problem of the quality of s. pathological process resolves itself into mere quantitative changes. One of the most glaring examples of the undervaluation of the role played by the nervous system is the absence of a chapter on the pathology of the ner- vous system in Shokhor's textbook. In Professor Olivkov's General Surgery, the sections on rege:eration, ulcers, and wounds are written from an organolocalistic viewpoiat~ end the problems are discussed by detaching the local f?om the general. :Jhile 102 pages'of this book are devoted to the subject of wounds, only page 233 contains a reference to the effect on the organism ae a whole, and this is restricted to vitamin deficiency, while the role of the nervous system is disregarded. In the textbook on special pathology and therapy of internal noninfectious diseases of domestic animals by Professors Faddeyev, Sinyev, Po>,yanskiy~ and Sko- rodumov (1947), the role of the nervous system is not explained in describing" theropeutic measures and clinical aspects of pathological processes. Elements of Virchow's outlook are also present in Professor Gannuehkin's Course of Epizootology (1949). In the chapter "Susceptibility and Resistance of the Organism Toward Infection," Garnushkin explains resistance to infection by the barrier effect of uninjured multilayer skin epithelium, the effects of the mucous membranes of the digestive tract and of the flickering epithelium of respiratory organs, phagocytosis, and humoral factors (the effect of antibodies). The role of the nervous system, as it effects various resistance factors, is overlooked entirely. Various manuals of special pathology and therapy divide animals into two constitutional types, the vagotonic and the sympathicotonic. This classifica- tion is based on the theory of Ettinger and Hese, according to which there ie an antagonism of the sympsthettc and parasympathetic nervous systems. Assumption of any such antagonism is based on localistic concepts, however, because in a number of cases there ie synergism of both systems. Professor Mozgov's text Veterinary Pharsacology demonstrates a faulty un- derstanding ^f the interaction between therapeutic agents and the organism, which is based on acceptance of Virchow's teachings. Thus, the author says that a phar- macological effect on the cell is poss:hle only if the therapeutic agent ie in direct contact with the cell. This book propagandizes Ehrlich's concepts. The author says that Ehrlich created the science of chemotherapy and synthesized a number of therapeutically activ~ substances. It is well known that Ehrlich, who was an adherent of Virchow, has not created any chemotherapeutic theory and that the synthesis of a number of ~herapeutical.xy activ~ substances by him is mere]y an accident. During the: pne+ 30 years, Soviet scientists have accamplishei: much in the field of the physiology of agricultural animals, using Pavlov's methods. This applies particularly to problems connected with the physiology of digestion and n.~~Yino_ A number 4f inve=tioator_ h..aFe c~rified the ft:na,.s,.... ?t ~ ?nt~l rel? ions..ips CO~~~~l~~~~~9 50X1-HUM Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600380055-9 ~ Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600380055-9 1 ~~~F~~~~~'~~~ CONFIDENTIAL underlying the unconditioned salivation reflex in swine. Others have .tudied the unconditioned salivation reflex in ruminants and have clarified the influ- ence of the brain cortex on the generation of saliva releasing reflexes. Still others have investigated the conditioned and unconditioned salivation reflexes in horses. Various phases of digestion by ruminants have been investigated in great detail. The digestion of horses has been studied under application of Pavlov's methods. The pj~ysiology of the pancreas in ruminants has been investigated. A considerable number of investigations dealt with the digestion in birds. A11 this work is of great importance from the viewpoint of establishing a physiological basis for optimum diets of animals to raise productivity in animal husbandry. However, the results obtained in the study of the physiology of digestion have not been utilized to a sufficient extent by veterinary clinicians in the prophylaxis of diseases of the digestive tract and the development of diets which would expedite the recovery of diseased animals. Data on noninfectious diseases show that diseases of digestive organs comprise 25-3096 in horses, 30-3596 in cattle, and 35-4096 in swine. If one considers the extent of noninfectious 1~~CPA000y vhi rh a4funt h~:ndreds Of tti'CL'.9ands Of ^^iy.^i" the .... ....~::.+C Ciy.i.?i- o,, canes of developing prophylactic and therapeutic measures against digestive dis- eases on the basis oY Pavlov's methods becomes apparent. . Pavlov's percepts are also insufficient'-* applied in the techn+que of feed- ing. N. F. Popov's experiments have shown that xhen the daily ration is given in five f~~dinga, the digestibility of cellulose is 2O96)xigher than when the same quantity of food is given to the animal in three feedings. When too large a portion is offered to the animal, a part of the food remains uneaten. On the other hand, according to K. I. Bykov the mere process of eating acts as a signal which influences metabolic processes of the organism. Pavlov's theory postulating types of nervous activity is of great signifi- cance in obstetrics and artificial insemination, and his theory should be applied to a greater extent. The treatment of problems connected with the regulation of metabolism must be revised radically. The law of body surface and of the principle of compensa- tion, ae formulated by Rubner, disregarded entirely the higher regulatory func- tions exerted by the nervous system.. Experimental work by Pavlov's school 'shows that the level of metabolism, as established by Conditioned "reflexes; depends to a considerable extent on idiosyncrasies acquired in the course of sn individual life. In evaluating this factor, the influence of the external medium in establishing paths of conditioned reflexes moat be taken into account. An animal has an in- dividually acquired and conditioned mode of regulation of metabolic proceaae~,of the activity of the cardiovascular system, of digestive processes, and of other physiological functions. A11 this must be taken into account in developing high-quality cattle, from tk:e production standpoint, and in feeding them. Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600380055-9 .From the veterinary .viewpoint, problems in connection with the raising of young animals, development of resistance to unfavorable external conditions, long life, and high productivity are of particular importance. The effect?of temperature factors in combination with other external conditions and physical exercise (e.g., the training of horses) are powerful means of acting on the an- imal organism through its nervous system and numerous receptor mechanisms. The scientific justification for raising calves in unheated sheds follows from this. In general, a?.1 measures aimed at training &nd increasing the resistance of an- imals must take into account the iaportant function of the nervous system, the conditioning of the organism, and the dependence of the organism on the exterior medium. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600380055-9 r ~ ~ U~~~F~~L~91 ~~1~ corn~mExrLaL To obtain successful results based on Pavlov's methods ann teaching, i~ will be necessary to take various organizational measures. Thus, a number of leading veterinary scientific research'. icstitutes (the Ukrninian, Leningrad, Kazan', and others) lack departments of p:kyeiology, biochemistry,?and patho- logical physiology. Even the All-Union Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine does not have a pathological physiology department. Under the cir- cumstances, the institutes in question are not in a position to do work which ~oiild further develop Pavlov's?teach3ng. Practical laboratory training in the fields of physiology and;patb~ogical physiology at veterinary and animal husbandry higher educational institutions is limited ?to.. woxk ..carried ?out on smell animals, Pavlov's statement to the effect that one must take into account the particular species to which the animal belongs is forgotten. Facilities forexperifientir{g on large agricultural animals are absent. It is also necessary to organize authors' collectives to provide adequate textbooks on the physiology and pathological physiology of agricultural animals and to create monograpLs and textbooks on probl~:ms of the physiology of higher nervous activity. '1'IIei'C 1H IIV (LUIlUIi ~LillSt Lfl@ tt(J(1Ctt1 Vl 4Ct8 AC:t3ll@-ly V1 OClep6'cb UMi70A, allll the Academy of Medical Sciences USSEt to further work based on Pavlov's teach- ings will find a wide response along scientists who are active in the veterin- ary field. 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